The 30 Greatest Orchestral Works

What defines a great orchestral work? Is it a piece’s enduring expressive impact? Its compositional achievements? Find answers in this lecture, which tracks the evolution of the orchestra from its beginnings in accompanying operas to its flowering as a free-standing artistic medium.

Antonio Vivaldi ranks as one of the great geniuses of concerto writing, and The Four Seasons is one of his most enduring masterpieces. Start by exploring Vivaldi’s life and musical innovations in Baroque-era Venice. Then, delve into the four separate concertos of The Four Seasons, depicting humanity’s relationship to nature.

Follow Bach’s career as he navigates the challenges of musical life in Baroque Germany. Also learn about the writing, loss, and rediscovery of the six beloved Brandenburg Concerti. In the Brandenburg No. 2’s opening movement, discover Bach’s brilliant interpretation of ritornello form, using four solo instruments in complex interactions with each other and the orchestra.

In reviewing contemporary criticism of Bach’s music, reflect on the ways in which the very originality and complexity we prize in Bach made him controversial in his own time. Highlighting the first two movements of the E Major violin concerto, see how Bach pushes the limits of both ritornello and passacaglia forms.

Learn about Haydn’s “on the job” musical education, his illustrious life in the court of Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, and the creation of his celebrated “London” symphonies. In his great, final symphony, grasp important elements of Haydn’s masterful symphonic writing. Study his creation of contrast and variety from a minimum of thematic strands.

Consider Mozart’s relationship with the piano concerto, where his urge to self-expressive originality became a prime moving force. Explore the jarring opening theme, Mozart’s use of the piano as an “operatic” character, and the ways in which he breaks the conventions of Classical style.

Ponder Mozart’s astounding facility for composing, as he routinely “wrote” masterworks entirely in his head. In the “Jupiter” symphony, take apart the thematic structure of the first and final movements, grasping Mozart’s extraordinary inventiveness with sonata form, which unites “masculine” and “feminine” melodic material.

Study the narrative arc of the Third Symphony and the brilliant musical means by which Beethoven expresses heroic struggle in the first movement, followed by death, rebirth, and final apotheosis, as the composer dramatically reconceives both himself and the spirit of Western music.

Consider Beethoven’s explosive impact on Vienna as a pianist and the thought process that led to his innovations in this concerto. Across all three movements, witness how Beethoven uses the full symphonic resources of the orchestra while establishing the piano as a full and equal expressive partner.

Learn about three critical moments that led to Beethoven's redefining the genre of the symphony in this historic work. Study the Ninth Symphony’s musical architecture and dramatic narrative, from its depiction of the struggle between the heroic and the tragic to the final resolution of that struggle in a utopian vision of the future, realized in the celestial “Ode to Joy.”

Savor the musical treasures of the “grand” Ninth Symphony, including the melodically original introduction, the vivacious scherzo, and the majestic finale, fusing Classical lyricism with tremendous expressive power.

Regarding this symphony, track the “Mendelssohn problem,” the controversial perception that his mature style showed an increasing conservatism. Through the four movements of this work, find the heart of Mendelssohn’s extraordinary musical voice—its lyric beauty, formal lucidity, and ideal of communicative directness.

In his Third Symphony, experience the rich textures of Schumann’s impressions of the Rhine and the life surrounding it, highlighting the warm grandeur of the opening theme, the fourth movement’s evocation of Cologne’s Cathedral, and the glowing, exuberant finale.

In the celebrated Fourth Symphony, track Brahms’s genius in the opening movement, with its endless metamorphosis of a single musical idea, and in the final passacaglia, where he uses a restricting, Baroque-era form as the foundation of a resplendent Romantic vision.

Among the concerto’s riches, hear Brahms’s brilliant structuring of the opening movement, giving the violin the chance to gloriously elaborate the main themes. Savor the aria-like lyricism of the adagio and the hot-blooded gypsy heart of the finale.

The musical content of Tchaikovsky’s Fourth Symphony, mirroring events in his life, is directly explained in his letters. Through his letters, chart the symphony’s narrative “story,” from the struggle against fate in the first movement, told through dramatically contrasting musical material, to the affirmative finale, which incorporates a symbolic Russian folk song.

In the Violin Concerto’s opening, hear Tchaikovsky's soaring use of the solo instrument and his unusual interpretation of sonata form, allowing him to bask in the central theme through creative restatement and variations. Then, enjoy the pyrotechnical rondo, a supreme achievement in violin writing.

Learn about Smetana’s life in turbulent political times, and his role in the “musical nationalism” that sought an authentic Czech musical style. Focusing on four of the six movements, hear Smetana’s extraordinary tonal “painting,” his precise musical evocation of historical events, the great Vlatava River, and the majesty of the Bohemian countryside.

In the symphony’s opening, study the tonal shifts between major and minor, as well as the composer’s evocative use of birdsong. Discover Dvorák’s unique voice in the enigmatic expressive extremes of the funeral march, the singular beauty of the third movement, and the melodically compelling theme and variations.

Explore unforgettable passages and personal meanings in the Dvorák concerto, including the solemnity and lyric passion of the opening, the idyllic second theme, and the intimate significance to the composer of the adagio and the concerto’s final moments.

Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov played a pivotal role in the development of Russian concert music. In this tour-de-force of program music, study the musical “voices” of the Persian princess Scheherazade, the despotic Sultan Shahryar, and the sonic unfolding of four exotic Persian folk tales.

Begin by tracing Strauss’s musical education, his points of connection with Nietzsche, and the philosophical underpinnings of Nietzsche’s work. In Strauss’s musical rendering, grasp the structure of the famous “Nature theme” and follow Strauss’s interpretation of eight “sermons” from Nietzsche’s original, dramatizing the sage Zarathustra’s quest to enlighten and elevate humanity.

Explore Mahler’s cultural milieu as he develops the symphony as a medium for philosophical/spiritual contemplations. Track the Fifth Symphony’s unusual musical narrative, which depicts the rituals of death and the progressive states of the grieving process—its penetrating evocation of sadness, grief, intimate serenity, and ultimate rebirth.

In this symphony, investigate the opening melodic idea, as it ingeniously infuses successive themes throughout the work. Experience Rachmaninoff’s richly beautiful melodic art and orchestration, and grasp his brilliant thematic “architecture,” linking each movement to preceding elements.

Debussy’s revolutionary music flowed from his fascination with timbres and colors of sound. In La Mer (The Sea), enter the world of Debussy’s dazzling musical language; his sensuous instrumental textures depicting the shimmering play of light and color, the surging motion and awesome natural force of the oceans.