Leonardo da Vinci and the Italian High Renaissance

In this introductory lecture, Professor Bent sets the stage for the rest of the course by detailing the swelling political, cultural, and artistic changes in Italy-all of which would lay the groundwork for the High Renaissance that Leonardo, through his life and work, would come to define and change forever.

How do we know what we know about Leonardo? First, dispel some common myths about the artist and signature works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Then, explore important sources for the life and career of Leonardo, including the detailed (yet opinionated) Lives of the Artists by Giorgio Vasari.

Leonardo wasn't born great-like everyone else, he learned his skills from his contemporaries and predecessors. After a walk through Renaissance Florence, follow Leonardo's artistic development under his master, Andrea del Verrocchio, and figures who influenced him, including the artists Masaccio and Donatello, as well as the humanist thinker and architect Leon Battista Alberti.

Continue following Leonardo's artistic growth against the backdrop of revolutionary changes in art, including the rise of paper as the surface of choice for drawings and the introduction of oil paint as a new medium in Italy. Then, learn more about Leonardo's big break: his contribution to Verrocchio's The Baptism of Christ (1472).

Here, watch as the increasingly successful Leonardo experiments with replicating nature, unfolding grand vistas, and depicting delicate draperies. Central to this lecture is Professor Bent's analysis of Leonardo's first commission as a master painter in Verrocchio's workshop (and one of his first true masterpieces): Annunciation of the Virgin (1473-1474).

To truly grasp Leonardo's originality, you must look at his portraiture. After examining traditional approaches to portraits from antiquity to the early Renaissance, discover how this artistic genius revolutionized the genre-particularly through his portrait of Ginevra de' Benci and its shocking emphasis on a woman's individual features and intellectual presence.

Leonardo's innovative approach to female sitters also informed his interpretation of the female icon of Christian art: the Virgin Mary. Professor Bent reveals how Leonardo's innovative Madonnas-such as Madonna of the Carnation and the Benois Madonna-radically differed from those of predecessors and contemporaries like Fra Filippo Lippi and Verrocchio.

Why was Leonardo arrested by the Guardians of the Night, Florence's vice squad? How did this arrest inspire Leonardo's haunting and unfinished painting of St. Jerome (one of his first commissions as a truly independent artist)? Find out in this investigation of a key scandal that consumed the artist during his 20s.

Continue tracking Leonardo's growth as an independent artist with this lecture on his engrossing The Adoration of the Magi and its classical, pyramidal composition; his northern European approach to painting natural landscapes; and his artistic and political ties to a giant of 15th-century Florence: Lorenzo de' Medici ("The Magnificent").

Follow the artist to Milan, where he served in the court of the Renaissance prince Ludovico Sforza, who would employ Leonardo for the next 17 years. Central to this lecture is a detailed aesthetic examination of Leonardo's masterpiece from 1483, Madonna of the Rocks, which is the first fully realized example of High Renaissance painting.

Portrait of a Musician. Frescoes on the Sala delle Asse. The Sforza Madonna (Litta). Go inside these and other works from Leonardo's work between the 1470s and 1480s-much of which shocked the local cultural elite. Also, get an insider's look at the politics and structure of a typical Renaissance court.

Professor Bent invites you to peer behind the canvases of Leonardo's portraits of female sitters, including Cecilia Gallerani (in Lady with an Ermine) and Lucrezia Crivelli (in La Belle Ferronniere). In doing so, you'll learn how Leonardo ushered in a new phase of portraiture that was both more naturalistic and psychological.

Pull back from Italy to explore the overall geopolitics of 1490s Europe-which would provide fertile ground for the next phases of Leonardo's brilliant career. You'll investigate power struggles in the Holy Roman Empire, the corrupt reigns of several popes, French expansionism under Charles VIII, and Columbus's daring voyage to the New World.

Begin your initial foray into Leonardo's incredibly inventive technical mind with a look at his engineering work. Comb through the artist's various papers and manuscripts and get a fascinating glimpse of designs for moveable walls, machines for raising columns and grinding needles, a self-propelled cart, hydraulic devices, bridges, and more.

Leonardo was an artist deeply interested in matters of architecture. Here, examine some of the master's most important architectural drawings and their underlying mathematical ideas about perspective and proportion. In addition to viewing his stage sets and church plans, you'll see how Leonardo's iconic Vitruvian Man brings together geometry, nature, and spirituality.

Explore the utterly imaginative (and sometimes barbaric) military works that Leonardo drafted while employed by Ludovico Sforza in Milan-but never saw realized. Among the jaw-dropping prototypes you'll take a closer look at: defensive castle walls and towers, siege-busting bridges, human-powered tanks, repeating canons, giant crossbows, and even a submarine.

Investigate one of Leonardo's greatest passions: the possibility of human flight. You'll get to peer over his shoulder as he captures birds in flight, creates his first designs for a glider (ornithopter) based on birds, expands his ideas to encompass parachutes and mechanical wings, and attempts to design grand self-powered flying machines.

After a brief look at the role drawings played in Renaissance art, see how Leonardo used drawings to better depict the myriad features of the human body. Professor Bent provides illuminating commentary on Leonardo's detailed drawings of grimacing faces, hallowed religious figures, dramatic battles, and even comedic caricatures.

Leonardo's mathematical knowledge and drive to capture natural forms extended into his sculpture as well. Follow Leonardo's process from start to near completion as he developed an ultimately unrealized sculpture that nevertheless remains a powerful example of his sculptural and engineering genius: a colossal 24-foot-high bronze horse in memory of the father of Ludovico Sforza.

Conclude your look at Leonardo's career in Milan by focusing on his grand masterpiece from this phase of his career: The Last Supper. By closely analyzing this exceptional work of Western art (and the epitome of High Renaissance Italian painting), you'll consider it from a variety of technical and theoretical perspectives.

Go deeper into the powerful hidden meanings of The Last Supper. Closely study the painting's figures to see what each suggests about human nature and the world we live in. Then, follow the story of the painting's decay, as well as efforts to restore it to its original glory.

Travel alongside Leonardo as he leaves French-invaded Milan and moves between Italian courts as an intellectual free agent. In particular, you'll focus on his productive stays in Mantua (which led to his drawing the Portrait of Isabella d'Este) and Venice (where Leonardo designed the concept for a diving suit).

Professor Bent guides you through a nomadic period of Leonardo's career, a dramatically productive phase that saw Leonardo complete a massive mural for the Republic of Florence, military plans for sovereign states, and an impressive drawing of the Virgin Mary and Saint Anne-now lost-that led to the world's first one-man art show.

In 1502, Leonardo went into the service of the Renaissance villain Cesare Borgia, where he put his talents to use in the name of science and engineering. Comb through some of the artist's surveyor maps, explore his schematics for machines, learn the story of his help in attempting to redirect the Arno River, his connection to Machiavelli, and more.